Green transformation in China: renewable energy and beyond

Source: Saxo Markets & BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022

China’s oil production peaked in 2015 

The output of oil and natural gas in China peaked in 2015. Finding economically viable domestic new oil and natural gas resources has been difficult, and China’s three oil and gas giants have seen their capital expenditures in oil and gas exploration and development declining since 2014 (Figure 2).

Source: Source: Collins, G (2022). China’s Energy Import Dependency: Potential impacts on sourcing practices, infrastructure decisions, and military posture.

Heavy reliance on seaborne import of oil and natural gas

While China has abundant coal reserves and is close to being self-sufficient in coal, this is not the case for oil and natural gas. As the economy grows, China has become increasingly reliant on importing oil and natural gas (Figure 3). China is importing over 70 percent of its oil consumption and more than 40 percent of its natural gas . Combining these oil and gas imports and presenting them as crude oil equivalent, it will take 2,400 super tankers to ship them annually. Most of the oil and natural gas imports are in fact seaborne (oil tankers or LNG vessels), and not through overland pipelines. Without a formidable blue ocean navy, China’s policymakers are wary about the national security implications of having been so dependent on importing seaborne energy cargos. A question that often comes up is what if adversarial sea powers deny China access to the Strait of Malacca?

Source: Collins, G (2022). China’s Energy Import Dependency: Potential impacts on sourcing practices, infrastructure decisions, and military posture.

Runaway commodity inflation has accelerated the determination to reduce reliance on importing oil and natural gas

National security aside, oil and natural gas are priced and settled in US dollars. The rise in the prices of oil and natural gas, together with increases in the prices of other commodities, have contributed to a sharp deterioration in China’s commodity terms of trade. IMF economists estimated this to have subtracted 4.7 percentage points from China’s GDP between April 2020 and April 2022 (Figure 4). 

Source: IMF. https://data.imf.org/?sk=2CDDCCB8-0B59-43E9-B6A0-59210D5605D2

Developing clean coal technology is of paramount importance

The rise in oil and natural gas prices has further increased China’s determination to accelerate its green transformation, not only resorting to the use of a larger proportion of renewables and nuclear power, but also the development of clean coal technology. Policymakers in China emphasise the reliance on coal as the primary source of energy; the focus of the green transformation is to develop and apply more advanced technology to increase efficiency, lower emissions, and capture carbon when burning coal to generate power . China’s President Xi said carbon reduction in China “must be based on the basic national conditions of rich coal, poor oil and little gas” and that the “coal-dominated energy structure is difficult to fundamentally change in the short term”.  

China’s solar plants have on average 1,450 to 1,750 hours a year in which they have sufficient sunlight to generate power. In other words, 80–84 percent of the time solar plants do not have sufficient sunlight to generate power. Windmills fare only slightly better with about 2,000 hours a year (i.e., about 23 percent of the time) on average where the wind is strong enough for power generation; for the other 77 percent of the time windmills are idle . The intermittent nature of solar and wind power requires energy storage which is very expensive. The energy density of a battery is only 260 kWh/m3—much lower than the 8600 kWh/m3 of gasoline. Using batteries to store energy from solar and wind plants will require a huge number of batteries, and will drive the price of lithium, cobalt, and nickel to prohibitive levels . Pumped hydro storage is more economical but it requires lots of space and water if applied on large scale. Both water and space are scarce in China.